چکیده [English] Objectives: This research evaluates the effects of overconfidence, disposition effect and investors’ attention on the abnormal volume and abnormal returns of stocks through Interruption in independent variables. Method: It uses the unbalanced panel data regression technique to study a sample of 325 listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange at weekly intervals between 2011 and 2016. Resutls: The results show that disposition effect and investors’ attention cause abnormal volume. In addition, with regards to abnormal return, the effect of investors' attention on abnormal return is significant in the regression model. The important point in this study is the investigation of the effect of behavioral biases on abnormal volume while generating abnormal returns. The results indicate that only investors’ attention causes both abnormal volume and abnormal returns. Also, in the case of overconfidence, the relationship between this bias and abnormal volume and abnormal returns is not significant.

The optimization of pricing financial assets quantitatively is an emerging discipline that attempts to model the impact of biases that investors in asset prices. This article provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and challenges and offers some solutions in this field. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part of the paper, an overview of the selected literature is presented on key theoretical foundations. Why is this new financial field emerging? What subjects does he study? In the second part, the paper outlines a general plan provides a comprehensive set of resources on approaches to optimize the effectiveness of investment in quantitative modeling the behavior of financial market offers. Recent evidence of financial decision-making under uncertainty suggests that people do not act like neoclassical models. For this reason, investors often act as behavioral biases that have not been described in neoclassical models. Because behavioral bias in investors is a rather vague concept and it is very difficult to define and quantify numerically. Therefore, investor behavioral bias is another constraint that optimizes financial decision making. The problem of optimizing current financial asset pricing models does not take into account the effect of behavioral bias on portfolio valuation. The aim of this study was to optimize financial assets pricing subject to behavioral biases in the measurement of cognitive psychology, factors related to emotional and irrational factors will be discussed.

Market disorder and irrational behavior of investors escalate stock market volatility. This research has been conducted to identify drivers and consequences of behavioral bias and strategies for reducing the effects of bias behavioral in institutional investors by implementing the correlation research method. The evidence collected from a possible statistical sample of 607 legal investors has been analyzed using a questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results have shown that increasing the causes and bases of bias (social and psychological factors, knowledge and experience, and market) leads to an increase in behavioral biases and the use of behavioral biases strategy in investors' decision-making. Also, the strategy to reduce behavioral biases is influenced by behavioral biases, background factors, and intervening factors. In the end, the success of investors is significantly influenced by behavioral bias reduction strategy, the causes of the behavior biases, and the behavioral biases. Evidence has shown that the investigated model has predictive validity for investment performance, and institutional investors can benefit from this study by understanding the influence of behavioral factors on investors' decisions.

Knowledge of auditors' professions and choices is influenced by perception, judgment, and decision-making processes and can affect audit errors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of status quo bias, loss aversion bias, representative bias, and cognitive dissonance bias on auditors’ errors, which is descriptive and analytical in terms of practical purpose and method. The statistical population of the present study includes the auditors of the Iranian Auditing Association. Researcher-made questionnaires with validity and reliability were distributed among 90 statistical samples during 2020 and the data analyzed using Smart PLS software. Findings indicate that status quo, loss aversion, representative and cognitive dissonance biases have a significant effect on auditors’ errors. Therefore, auditors do not tend to deviate from past decisions by acknowledging the status quo, and this increases auditors' errors by reducing flexibility. Also, imbalance in the orientation towards loss-avoidance bias reduces auditors' responsibilities and increases risk, and this is accompanied by an increase in auditors' errors. In addition, the classification of issues and considerations according to the auditor's relevant and comparable past experiences has led to representational bias, in which case auditors face an increase in auditors' errors. At the same time, cognitive dissonance cause auditors to continue to make wrong decisions, only with the aim of justifying their previous decision, and hence the auditors' errors increase. The results showed that the most effective biases affecting the auditors' errors include cognitive dissonance bias (39%), loss aversion bias (36%), representative bias (27%) and status quo bias (8%).

Purpose: Present bias, the tendency of people to discount their future preferences in favor of more immediate gratification, is one of the most common behavioral biases in financial and economic issues which is derived from the economic theory of self-control (Xiao & Porto, 2019). The research on financial and economic issues has shown that people with present bias have high discount rates (Benhabib et al., 2010), spend more than usual, save less (Pinger, 2017,Goda et al., 2019), invest less (Kim & Nguyen, 2022), have higher debt (Meier & Sprenger, 2010), are not committed to repaying their outstanding debt (Kuchler & Pagel, 2021), and it is even possible for those who have poor financial management due to limited resources to do more budgeting and less planning (Xiao & O'Neill, 2019). Therefore, with regard to the present bias of people, it is hypothesized that people with present bias have less correct financial behaviors. This arises from a previous research about the impact of present bias on everyday financial behavior. Hence, following Xiao and Porto (2019), the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between present bias and a set of financial behaviors regarding spending, borrowing, saving and money management. Methodology: The examined sample was selected through convenience sampling using paper questionnaires among the staff and faculty members of the University of Ilam. A total of 202 staff and faculty members completed the questionnaire. Using the method of Xiao and Porto (2019), an exploratory factor analysis was done to reduce the variable number and the name-dependent variables according to the concept of financial behaviors. Ordinary least square was used to analyze the associations between the variables. For each financial behavior variable, as a dependent variable, there were three models. In model (1), only the present bias variable was the independent variable. In model (2), the present bias squared term was added to detect if there was any nonlinear pattern. In model (3), the control variables were added to examine if the present bias variables still displayed associations when these control variables were added. Based on fourteen financial behaviors and according to the exploratory factor analysis, the dependent variables were classified into managerial behavior, impatient behavior, naive behavior (according to Xiao and Porto, 2019), thrifty behavior and borrowing behavior. The independent variable was the present bias variable measured by the question "I intend to live in the present more and do not consider the future". The participants responded on a 1-5 scale. The control variables included age, monthly income, gender and education. Results and discussion: Examining models (1) and (2) showed a negative and significant association between present bias and managerial behavior. It means that, when present bias increases relatively, individual's money management behavior becomes weaker. This result confirmed the association in two stages (models), but, in Xiao and Porto (2019), this association was confirmed only in one stage (model) without the presence of other variables. Therefore, the result of this study is more robust than that of Xiao and Porto (2019). Examining the association between present bias and impatience behavior in model (1) showed that there is a positive and significant association between present bias and impatience behavior. But, in models (2) and (3), the coefficient of present bias was negative, and the squared coefficient of bias showed a positive number, which indicates a U-shaped association between present bias and impatient behavior. To some extent, the hypothesis of a positive relationship between present bias and impatient behavior was confirmed. This means that the association is initially negative and then positive. At lower levels of bias, the tendency to spend decreases with the increase of bias, and, at much higher levels of bias, the tendency to spend increases with the increase of bias. This result is not completely consistent with the findings of Xiao and Porto (2019). In their study, there was a positive and significant association between present bias and impatient behavior in three stages (models). Thrifty behavior, as a new variable not identified in Xiao and Porto (2019), is the tendency to choose affordable goods by the individual. The estimation results of models (1) and (3) showed a negative and significant relationship between present bias and the tendency to choose affordable goods. In other words, as present bias increases relatively, the tendency to buy affordable goods decreases. Regarding the relationship between present bias and naive behavior, as well as preset bias and borrowing behavior, significant effects were not found in models (1), (2) and (3). Conclusions and policy implications: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between present bias and a set of financial behaviors through the convenience sampling of the staff and faculty members of Ilam University. The results of the research showed that there is a negative and significant association between present bias and money management behavior. There is a U-shaped association between present bias and impatient behavior. There is also a negative and significant association between present bias and thrifty behavior. The results of this study can promote effective financial decisions at the individual level and contain messages for activists, planners, and policymakers in the financial and economic fields. The results may help to formulate, implement, or modify policies.

The main goal of this article is an applied investigation of one of the types of biases caused by overconfidence, under the heading of bias in expected relative wage (or individual overplacement) and its relationship with time preferences (in the form of a proxy of people's patience) based on the Friehe & Pannenberg (2020) method. The data gathering tool of this investigation has been a two-stage questionnaire. 204 staff and faculty members of Ilam university completed the questions related to the questionnaire in two stages. Based on the ordinary least squares and semi-parametric model, the relationship between bias in wage and time preferences was examined in four stages. The results of research models in four stages showed that there is a negative and significant correlation between bias in expected relative wage (or bias in the distribution of the relative wage of people of the same age-peers) and time preferences. This means that people who are more patient, will have less bias (overplacement) on average. Examining the impact of current relative wage on bias showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between bias and current relative wage; This means that the current relative wage of individuals is not effective in reducing bias, and the higher the individual's current relative wage, the individual's bias will be greater. Also, the results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between bias and extraversion, a negative and significant correlation between bias and neuroticism and a negative and significant correlation between bias and agreeableness.

Introduction: Today, substance abuse is one of the major problems in societies and has become more prevalent among young people. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between personality patterns of brain behavioral systems and attention and pre-attention bias in patients dependent on methamphetamine. Method: The research was conducted using causal-comparative design. The population from which sample was drawn were all male patients dependent on methamphetamine in TAKAB. 30 people selected based on convenience sampling were compared with control groups. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables. Research tools include probe dot task, Gray-Wilson's personality questionnaire (GWPQ), unstructured clinical interview and demographic questionnaire. In order to analyze data in addition to description statistic, the Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test were used. Results: The research findings revealed that the patients who have high score in Behavioral Activation system, especially Drive sub system showed more attention-bias in terms of substance provoking words than other patients. There was no difference among the subjects regarding the pre attention bias. Conclusion: Considering the fact that the attention bias and brain-behavioral systems play an important role in relapse and re-use of substances, identification and understanding of these factors in treatment seem necessary.

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of managers' behavioral bias on decision-making and information quality. The research sample consists of 161 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2013 to 2019. To test the hypotheses, multivariate regression method and panel data model are used. Results show that a manager overconfidence reduces the reliability of financial information and timely presentation of information. Managers' narcissism also reduces the reliability of financial statements and causes a delay in financial statements submission. Myopic managers, who expect a position and point in a short term, manipulate accounting profits and reduce the reliability of financial information,however, this behavioral feature does not affect the timely presentation of information. The findings also show that managers' overconfidence has a significant positive relationship with the level of cash holdings and excessive investment. Managers' narcissism also leads to an increase in the level of cash holdings, but does not have a significant effect on overinvestment. Managers' myopia also has a significant negative effect on investment expenditures, but has no effect on the level of cash holdings.